Evaluating teeth as fossil records of children's prenatal/perinatal trauma exposure and future mental health risk - According to the “prenatal programming of mental illness” hypothesis, the prenatal period is one of the earliest
sensitive periods in development when maternal psychosocial stress exposure can have enduring effects on
offspring mental health. Currently, many measurement tools exist to characterize the occurrence of maternal
psychosocial stress exposure (e.g., depression; anxiety, stressful life events, etc). However, these measures
may not fully record the presence and timing of these experiences, especially when administered to mothers
retrospectively. To better assess the biological consequences of maternal psychosocial stressors on children,
objective tools are additionally needed to capture the prenatal and perinatal presence and timing of maternal
stressful life experiences. With a broader array of available tools, our field will be better poised to identify
children who are most vulnerable and intervene. Our group has been exploring children’s shed primary teeth
as objective and non-invasive tools that record the occurrence and timing of pre- and perinatal stressful life
events. Since teeth provide a fossilized record of their formation process, our working hypothesis is that early
life stressors– and particularly the timing of these psychosocial events – can be non-invasively measured in
shed teeth that began forming in utero. In this R21, we will test this hypothesis across two aims by analyzing
data collected from a separately-funded study called STRONG (Stories Teeth Record of Newborn Growth).
STRONG was funded in 2019 to build a biorepository of teeth from children whose mothers were exposed to
the 2013 Boston Marathon Bombing and manhunt events. In Aim 1, we will use techniques standardly
deployed in anthropology/archaeology (e.g., microCT imaging; histology; light microscopy) alongside newer
approaches (e.g., laser confocal microscopy) to derive a stress and other markers in teeth and determine the
parameters for when and how the Marathon bombing is visible in shed teeth. In Aim 2, we will pair these tooth-
based measures with subjective (self-report and electronic-health records) data of the bombing exposure to
compare the strength of the association between these two sets of measures on levels of child
psychopathology symptoms. As far as we know, this study would be the first to determine the degree to which
primary teeth mark the presence and timing of maternal psychological stress in relation to a traumatic event. If
validated as biomarkers, teeth would transform the study of sensitive periods by providing a new, non-invasive
measure for capturing and dating pre- and perinatal psychosocial exposures. Teeth could be used alongside
existing tools to screen children for early life stress exposure and to understand its biological consequences.
