Summary
Ticks must use their barbed mouthparts (hypostome) to pierce deeply into the host’s dermis
(skin), then encase the hypostome in a cement cone in order to maintain a firm, pain and itch-
free attachment, subsequently transmitting infectious disease agents into the victim. Two types
of cement have been found in ticks; early cement which is secreted only minutes after
attachment and hardens rapidly, and late cement which is secreted 24 hours after attachment
to the host and hardens gradually. These secreted cement cones are composed of several
glycine-rich proteins (GRPs) which are a large family of diverse proteins that are known for their
adhesive and tensile characteristics. Such properties may play an important role in host skin
attachment to gain an uninterrupted supply of blood over a prolonged period of time. Our long-
term plan in the AREA grant application is to reveal the functions and biochemical properties of
novel GRPs in cement cone assembly, stealth attachment, hematophagy (blood feeding) and
climatic adaptation. We will test our central hypothesis that biochemical and biomechanical
properties of GRPs assist in the undetected attachment to the host, providing access to an
uninterrupted supply of blood by serving as scaffolding for the cement cone apparatus. Our
multidisciplinary team will test the hypothesis using a combination of artificial membrane feeding,
structural, proteomics, and reverse genetics approaches. Specific aims are to: 1) determine the
role of unique salivary GRPs in cement cone assembly and secure attachment by using an
artificial membrane feeding system, and 2) define the biochemical properties of uncharacterized
recombinantly expressed cement cone proteins. Targeting tick cement proteins may provide an
innovative way to create a hostile situation for tick attachment, and ultimately interrupt the
inoculation of tick-borne pathogens into the host. Understanding the mechanisms of cement
assembly that allow the tick to secure a stable, stealthy attachment will provide insight into
developing new control and prevention methods.