PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT
Transgender women (TGW) are at high risk for HIV infection, and are an important, under-researched key
population in sub-Saharan Africa. Globally, HIV acquisition risk among TGW is 14 times higher than other adults
aged 15-49 years. Intersectional stigma and discrimination (ISD) experienced by TGW at the intersections of
HIV, sexual orientation, gender minority identity and sex work results in poor engagement in care and suboptimal
adherence to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and antiretroviral therapy (ART). Much work remains in
addressing HIV-related ISD and scaling up treatment and prevention coverage for TGW. Two evidence-based
ISD-reduction interventions are available -- (1) Health Policy Plus (HP+) Total Facility Approach (TFA) to Stigma
Reduction (a clinic-level intervention) and (2) HIV Education, Empathy and Empowerment (HIVE3) (an individual-
level intervention) -- but these have not been adapted and implemented for TGW in sub-Saharan Africa. HP+
and HIVE3 are complementary interventions that could be combined to reduce health facility- and individual-level
stigma. However, research is needed to show if the adapted multi-level HP+/HIVE3 intervention, Ssimusango
(means “no self-blame or blaming others” in Luganda), decreases HIV-related stigma and improves HIV
outcomes for TGW. To address these questions, we will conduct a randomized wait-list controlled trial to test the
preliminary effectiveness of Ssimusango on PrEP adherence and viral suppression, compared with standard of
care, using a status-neutral approach i.e., engagement in care regardless of HIV status. We will also use
qualitative methods to assess mechanisms and synergies of intervention delivery. Leveraging the multi-
disciplinary expertise of our multi-national research team, and working at four health facilities in Kampala ranked
lowest on the PEPFAR Uganda stigma scorecard, we propose the following specific aims: (1) adapt the HP+
and HIVE3 stigma-reduction interventions to address ISD for TGW in Uganda (intervention adaptation); (2)
conduct a hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation trial with 120 TGW to pilot test the preliminary
effectiveness of Ssimusango on (a) PrEP adherence and (b) viral suppression (intervention implementation);
and (3) evaluate Ssimusango using qualitative methods and the Intersectionality-Enhanced Consolidated
Framework for Implementation Research (intervention evaluation). Clinic-level implementation outcomes are
adoption, fidelity, and sustainability assessed using key informant interviews, training attendance sheets,
observation checklists, and rapid feedback surveys. Individual-level outcomes: (1) PrEP adherence at 3 and 6
months post-intervention, measured by urine tenofovir levels (primary outcome) and (2) viral suppression (HIV
RNA <50 copies/mL) and (3) ISD reduction 6 months post-intervention (secondary outcomes). This multi-level
approach to implementing ISD interventions will improve PrEP and ART adherence outcomes among TGW -
“the most vulnerable of the vulnerable” -, build stigma research capacity in Uganda, and generate actionable
data for scale-up and program implementation in Uganda and sub-Saharan Africa.
