ABSTRACT
Suboptimal linkage to and retention in HIV prevention and care is prevalent among high risk women who use or
inject drugs in both the US and globally, stemming, in part, from high levels of stigma. In Kazakhstan, increasing
engagement in the HIV care and prevention continuum is a major public health goal, as the number of new HIV
infections doubled from 2010 to 2017 and AIDS-related deaths increased by 32%. Among high risk women who
use drugs in this context, our research has found that ~30% are HIV-infected and that they are less likely to test
and receive care. Numerous studies have documented that experienced, anticipated and internalized stigma,
especially from health care providers (HCP), are key barriers to HIV testing and treatment in global contexts. For
high risk women who use drugs, HIV and associated stigmas, specifically stigma related to sex and drug use,
as well as gender discrimination, work independently and synergistically to inhibit access to HIV prevention and
treatment; yet, there are no existing anti-stigma interventions designed and tested in Kazakhstan for this key
population of women and that focus on HCP as sources of stigma. Here we propose to design and assess
acceptability, feasibility, and generate information in order to power a preliminary effectiveness trial of a three
component, multi-level participatory intervention to reduce HIV-associated and intersectional stigma - and thus
increase access to HIV prevention and care. The first component is aimed at high risk women and designed to
increase stigma resistance/coping and reduce anticipated/internalized stigma via: a) crowdsourcing of anti-
stigma messaging for HCP; and b) adaptation of a HCP training for optimal sexual health and healthcare
engagement among high risk women who used drugs. The second and third components, aimed at the HCP
and other clinic staff and emerging from the execution of the first component, include: a) the resultant messaging
campaign; and b) the training that will be delivered to HCP. Both the messaging campaign and the training
components will be designed to reduce enacted stigma by HCP/staff (and thus experienced stigma among
women) and increase stigma resistance and resilience among high risk women who use drugs. All components
will work synergistically to reduce enacted, experienced and internalized, intersectional stigma. The approach
relies on evidence-based methods, including media campaigns, to reduce HCP enacted stigma, and integrates
innovative methods, like crowdsourcing and participatory research, to increase stigma resistance. Results of this
study will be unique in utilizing multilevel anti-stigma approaches for both high risk women who use drugs and
HCP and have important implications for advancing HIV prevention and care engagement among highly
stigmatized populations globally and in the US.
