Project Summary/Abstract: The uniform lethality of glioblastoma (GBM) with a survival of less than 2
years despite best available therapy is attributed to treatment resistance due to DNA repair mechanisms that
drive disease relapse and tumor heterogeneity. One prognostic factor identified as a reliable biomarker for GBM
sensitivity to temozolomide (TMZ) and radiotherapy (RT) is the overexpression of O6-methylguanine-methyl-
transferase (MGMT) enzyme. Patients with active MGMT were found to receive little benefit from TMZ and RT
and represent a group of great unmet need with no treatment options that significantly improve survival. Recently,
several preclinical and clinical studies suggest that alcohol aversion drug, disulfiram (DSF), inhibited MGMT and
improved the efficacy of TMZ in GBM when combined with copper (Cu). However, phase II trial showed that
there was no survival benefit from oral Cu/DSF. Nevertheless, the major limitation of oral Cu/DSF has been
delivery of fragile DSF within the in vivo system.
We have developed 2-hydroxypropyl beta cyclodextrin (HPßCD) encapsulating Cu complex of DSF metabolite,
diethyldithiocarbamic acid (DDC), Cu(DDC)2 delivery system that addresses major drawbacks of the Cu(DDC)2:
easy degradation in the blood and non-specific interactions with cells and serum proteins and lack of tissue
specific delivery. HPßCD providing stability of Cu(DDC)2 is identified. In vitro cell culture study revealed that
HPßCD-Cu(DDC)2 inhibited MGMT through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Inhibition of MGMT activity in cell
cultures vastly increased the alkylation-induced DNA double-strand breaks, cytotoxicity, and the levels of
apoptotic markers like ¿-H2AX, JNK-P and cleavage of PARP-1. Preliminary intravenous delivery of HPßCD-
Cu(DDC)2 in combination with TMZ in an MGMT-positive patient derived orthotopic xenograft (PDOX) model
demonstrated tumor size regression with prolonged survival. HPßCD-Cu(DDC)2 targets MGMT-145-cysteine
and its unique cytotoxic mechanism circumvents MGMT-mediated chemo- and radiation resistance. The present
work aimed at the development and application of HPßCD-Cu(DDC)2 for targeted delivery of drug to GBM.
Chlorotoxin (CTX), a peptide reported to bind selectively to glioma cells while showing no affinity for non-
neoplastic cells, will covalently be coupled to functionalized HPßCD encapsulating Cu(DDC)2. We have shown
that PDOXs without MGMT expression are sensitive to RT. Therefore, we hypothesize that the combination of
GBM targeting CTX-HPßCD-Cu(DDC)2 with TMZ and RT will overcome TMZ+RT resistance and show
synergistic cytotoxic effect in PDOXs which will be monitored by MRI studies. Our objectives of the proposed
research are A) To incorporate targeting ligand CTX with HPßCD-Cu(DDC)2 to obtain an active brain drug
delivery system, B) To determine the efficacy and safety of oral DSF/Cu versus intravenous CTX-HPßCD-
Cu(DDC)2 alone or in combination with TMZ in PDOX, and C) To determine the efficacy and safety of CTX-
HPßCD-Cu(DDC)2 in combination with TMZ and fractionated radiation in MGMT upregulated PDOX models.
