PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT
Breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related death in American women. It is estimated that
over 240,000 new breast cancer patients will be diagnosed, and approximately 40,000 patients will die each
year in the U.S. Breast cancer is characterized by uncontrolled growth of breast epithelial cells, which can
detach, migrate, and invade to other organs causing metastasis. However, the molecular mechanisms of
breast cancer are not yet fully understood. One subtype of metastatic breast cancer, triple negative breast
cancer (TNBC), is the most aggressive and the most difficult to treat. Therefore, development of new
treatments is important in eliminating the mortality and morbidity associated with metastatic breast cancer.
Breast cancer develops due to dysregulated gene expression, dysfunctional DNA-damage repair pathways,
and is also affected by environmental factors, which epigenetically regulate gene expression and DNA repair
pathways. Epigenetic modifiers, such as Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, are crucial in cancer initiation,
progression, and metastasis by modifying histones and non-histone proteins. One member of the Polycomb
Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2), EZH2, specifically methylates histone H3 protein at lysine 27 to regulate gene
expression and is upregulated in invasive breast carcinomas and metastatic breast cancer. High expression
levels of EZH2 are strongly associated with poor clinical outcomes in breast cancer patients. The DNA repair
protein, PARP1, is also upregulated in breast cancer, but PARP1 inhibitors have been limited to BRCA1 and/or
BRCA2 (Breast Cancer 1 or 2)-deficient breast cancer patients (5-10% of all breast cancer cases). EZH2 can
actually impair DNA damage repair. However, whether EZH2 and other members of PRC2 regulate PARP1 is
unknown. Therefore, the central hypothesis of this proposal is that PRC2 proteins methylate PARP1 lysines,
repressing DNA repair activity, and act as PARP1 co-factors in TNBC and the DNA damage response by
recruiting PARP1 to genomic loci. Overexpression of EZH2 and PARP1 together may promote TNBC
progression, and inhibition of both EZH2 and PARP1 may benefit TNBC patients. Aim 1 will determine whether
PRC2 proteins directly interact with PARP1, methylate lysines of PARP1, and repress its activity. The
preliminary data strongly suggests that PRC2 proteins and PARP1 coordinate their expression and oncogenic
function in TNBC. Therefore, how this complex regulatory network operates between PRC2 and PARP1 and
whether this network contributes to the progression of TNBC through DNA repair mechanisms will be
investigated (Aim 2). In addition, combined inhibition of EZH2 and PARP1, using commercially available
inhibitors, may synergistically and significantly reduce TNBC than either single agent alone (Aim 3). Although
the focus of this proposal is to target TNBC, this type of therapy could lead to a breakthrough for other
subtypes of breast cancer as well and can have a global impact on ending breast cancer.