Saturday, October 16, 2021
10/16/2021
Component: We propose a generalization of our Translator reasoner tool mediKanren [1] into “Doc Sherlock”: an Autonomous Relay Agent (ARA) to answer biomedical queries from multiple Knowledge Providers (KPs) via probabilistic, logical and abductive inference. Problem: Eliminating the “Unknown Known”: With the explosive growth of new publications, data sets and discoveries, a distinctly modern problem has emerged: the rapid expansion of the “unknown known.” The unknown known are facts that are either (1) forgotten -- facts published but not known widely -- or (2) uninferred -- facts inferable from known facts but not yet deduced. We take it as the role of KPs to uncover the forgotten by systematically harvesting existing sources of knowledge. We thus take it as the role of ARAs to tackle the uninferred -- the conclusions that could have been drawn if only all of the premises were co-resident in a single reasoner’s mind. For pragmatic purposes, we restrict the queries to a tractable yet ambitious class: queries raised by physician-scientists -- for whom the cost of the unknown known is measured in patients' lives. Plan : Doc Sherlock will use the advanced logic programming engine miniKanren [2,3] , and it will use probabilistic inference rules to tackle queries inspired by physician-scientists and rank results by confidence. For example, we imagine Doc Sherlock answering the question, “What may treat 16p11.2 deletion syndrome?” by using a KP backed by something like Ensembl [4] to look up all the genes in 16p11.2; a second KP backed by a dataset like gnomAD [5,6] to rank haploinsufficient genes, e.g., “KCTD13 is haploinsufficient” [97% confidence]; a gene-gene KP like SemMedDB [7] to find a relationship like “KCTD13 inhibits RhoA” [97% confidence] and then using a drug-gene KP to find that “Simvastatin inhibits RhoA” [99% confidence] to hypothesize that “Simvastatin may mitigate 16p11.2 deletion via RhoA inhibition” [93% imputed confidence]. To answer queries from physician-scientists, data sources which have gene-gene, drug-gene, disease-gene or drug-disease relationships will be high priority. Collaboration : Building on our collaboration model from the current Translator phase, we plan to visit other sites and have them visit us to work on problems from physician-scientists. We will support the ARA standard API, and other Translator Standards. For queries richer than the designated API, we will support programmatic access to Doc Sherlock’s query language. Challenges: The primary technical challenge in reasoning across distinct KPs is intelligently aliasing identical concepts within different data sets. To connect ontologies from different KPs, we propose exploring the use of Galois connections [8,9] -- a generalization of isomorphism suitable for use between two partial orders (such as ontologies). A major benefit will be the ability to conduct abductive reasoning and to go beyond the restrictions of living within a single KP -- our preliminary data shows a 43% improvement in inference across KPs [see Plan].
HHS’ Tracking Accountability in Government Grants System (TAGGS) website provides access to detailed descriptions of grants, loans, aggregated direct payments and other types of financial assistance awarded by the HHS Operating Divisions (OPDIVs) and the Office of the Secretary Staff Divisions (STAFFDIVs).
