PROJECT SUMMARY/ ABSTRACT:
This project provides the applicant with Ph.D. training in molecular and cellular biology and biochemistry. The
applicant’s thesis research will further our understanding of how cell polarization is regulated during the
development of multicellular organisms. Cell polarity, or the organization of cellular components to specific
regions of the cell, is fundamental for diverse cellular processes such as asymmetric cell division and cell
migration. At the core of cell polarity is the evolutionarily conserved Par complex, which guides the subcellular
localization of downstream factors by phosphorylation. The Par complex phosphorylates a multitude of
downstream factors, but only if strict spatial and temporal requirements are satisfied. While the enforcement of
these spatiotemporal requirements is key to proper Par complex function, the field does not fully understand this
process. This project will examine how two regulatory proteins, Par-3 and Cdc42, work in concert to mediate Par
complex function. Subcellular localization of the Par complex at the cell cortex is regulated by Par-3, which
inhibits Par complex activity as it asymmetrically targets it to the cortex. Once properly localized, the Par complex
transitions from Par-3 to Cdc42, stimulating Par complex activity. Thus, the transition from Par-3 to Cdc42 is
crucial for Par complex activity regulation. Although this transition is a central feature of current models of cell
polarity in diverse cell types, the mechanism detailing how the Par complex transitions from an inactive Par-3-
bound to an active Cdc42-bound complex remains unresolved. Additionally, the activity of these complexes has
not been directly examined nor is the mechanism known for how Par-3 or Cdc42 regulate Par complex activity.
The applicant’s preliminary biochemical data indicates that Par-3 and Cdc42 inhibit each other’s binding to the
Par complex. The applicant will address several fundamental knowledge gaps in our understanding of Par
mediated polarity using a wide range of biochemical techniques. The applicant will resolve which inter and
intramolecular interactions control the Par complex’s ability to switch from a Par-3 to Cdc42 (Aim 1), investigate
how Par complex switching is regulated diverse cell types by examining the role of the cell type specific Par
complex regulator, Crumbs (Aim 2), and test the hypothesis that Par-3-bound Par complex is less catalytically
active than Cdc42- or Crumbs-bound Par complex (Aim 3). Together, the proposed aims will provide a thorough
mechanistic understanding for how the Par complex localization and activity is regulated in different cellular
contexts. Characterizing this critical regulatory axis will provide insight for developmental defects and disease
which have been linked to Par-mediated polarity dysfunction. The applicant will receive extensive technical
training guided by an experienced mentorship team. Additionally, this fellowship will provide the applicant with
science communication, educational, and professional development opportunities.