ABSTRACT
Over 69,000 women living with HIV, (WLWH) in Ghana have a six-fold increased risk of developing cervical
cancer1 and require early and frequent cervical cancer screening (CCS).2-4 However, available data in Ghana
show that the CCS rate among eligible women is as low as 2.7%, and there is no evidence that WLWH screen
at higher rates.5 In response to the need to increase the uptake of CCS among WLWH, our team developed a
Home-based self-sampling for cervical cancer Prevention Education (HOPE) intervention. HOPE consists of
HPV self-sampling combined with a 3R (Reframing, Reprioritizing, and Reforming) communication model for
promoting CCS. In a randomized controlled trial (RCT) in Ghana, we demonstrated that HOPE significantly
increased CCS among WLWH (100%) vs routine clinic-based screening (14.64%).8 Participating women found
the self-sampling and 3R communication model acceptable and culturally appropriate.8 High-impact
implementation strategies are needed to integrate and scale up HPV self-sampling into women’s healthcare in
Ghana. We propose to develop and/or adapt implementation strategies to maximize the success of the HOPE
intervention in increasing its health system adoption, patient uptake, and the sustainment of CCS among WLWH.
Our proposed hybrid type 2 effectiveness-implementation RCT trial will leverage existing relationships with
secondary-level health facilities in Ghana. We will select four secondary-level health facilities with comparable
infrastructure and WLWH patient enrollment. Using the Exploration, Preparation, Implementation, and
Sustainment (EPIS) framework,10,11 we will address the following specific aims.
Aim 1: To develop a culturally appropriate, evidence-based health system implementation plan and provider
training content for successful HOPE implementation (Preparation phase). Through nominal group techniques,
we will support engaged stakeholders in selecting, prioritizing, and adapting culturally appropriate
implementation support strategies (ISS) for HOPE. Aim 2: Assess the effectiveness of the HOPE 2.0 intervention
and success of the implementation plan in a hybrid type 2 trial (Implementation phase) We will conduct a hybrid
type 2 effectiveness-implementation RCT to evaluate the impact of implementation strategies. Four HIV
secondary-level clinics will be cluster-randomized 1:1 in a two-arm RCT. Healthcare providers in the intervention
group (IG, Arm 1) will receive evidence-based training validated in Aim 1. After training, trained providers will
recruit WLWH (n = 576) from their HIV facilities and implement HOPE. Providers in the control group (CG, Arm
2) who will not be trained with our ISS materials, will recruit WLWH (n = 576) and implement HOPE in their
clinics. Aim 3: Assess the impact of the implementation plan on the sustainment of the HOPE intervention at
study sites (Sustainment phase). We will assess the impact of HOPE on WLWH screening behaviors and the
impact of strategy material on providers' self-efficacy for implementing HOPE across the study arms.
