Using electrophysiology to index non-invasive brain stimulation effects on reward system neurobiology in depression - Rewards play a central role in driving behavior. Reward system dysfunctions are increasingly conceptualized
as transdiagnostic phenomena 1,2, relevant to many psychopathologies. The opportunity to directly modulate
reward processing through targeted intervention could have broad mechanistic and clinical value in psychiatry,
both for disorders in which reward-responsive circuits are overactive or underactive. The overarching goal of
this R21 proposal focuses on one such opportunity in individuals with depression: we will evaluate whether an
electrophysiological measure of reward consummation, the Reward Positivity (RewP), which is consistently
blunted in depression, can be moved by targeted neurostimulation of a prefrontal-striatal reward circuit. The
premise of the proposed work is a well-developed empirical literature that substantiates the RewP as a measure
of subjective reward valuation, with depression-associated blunting of the RewP likely reflecting attenuated
reward consummation. Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques, such as repetitive transcranial magnetic
stimulation (rTMS), modulate cortical activity and offer novel avenues to probe reward circuitry. Previous
research establishes that excitation of a fronto-cingulate reward circuit with rTMS increases RewP magnitude
in nicotine addiction, but the extent to which blunted RewP in depression can be rescued via rTMS is unknown.
We therefore propose pilot research to begin to address this literature gap via a repeated-measures study that
uses a multi-measure approach to probe reward system functioning under passive and performance-dependent
reward conditions. We will examine sham-controlled effects of single session intermittent theta burst
stimulation (iTBS) to a dorsomedial prefrontal/anterior cingulate cortex (dmPFC/dACC) target in individuals
with major depressive disorder (MDD). We will examine iTBS effects on anticipatory and later consummatory
reward measures in addition to our primary focus on the RewP, thus capitalizing on the temporal precision
EEG affords by decomposing reward processing into subcomponent processes and examining their differential
sensitivity to neurostimulation. Specific Aim 1 examines case-control RewP differences before stimulation,
and changes in RewP magnitude as a function of iTBS in MDD. Specific Aim 2 examines case-control and
within-group MDD iTBS effects on a later-stage consummatory reward measure, the late positive potential
(LPP). Specific Aim 3 examines case-control and within-group MDD iTBS effects on reward anticipation.
Our approach is innovative because i) there is little precedent for using the well-validated RewP or similar
measures as indices of rTMS modulation, despite putative hypofunction of reward circuitry in MDD and ii) we
target a region strongly implicated in depressive pathophysiology3 but distinct from the Food and Drug
Administration-approved dorsolateral prefrontal rTMS target for depression and ii). Here, we evaluate
measures tapping reward anticipation and consummation to assay positive valence system functioning in
response to iTBS, setting the stage for future biomarker validation and full-course rTMS clinical trials.
