Thursday, September 18, 2025 9/18/2025

Impact of gender affirming hormone therapy on immune modulation and HIV infection in transgender young adults

Award Number: R21AI155422
ORGANIZATION: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES
OPDIV: NIH
AWARD CLASS: DISCRETIONARY
AWARD ACTIVITY TYPE: SCIENTIFIC/HEALTH RESEARCH (INCLUDES SURVEYS)
PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE START DATE: 03/04/2021
PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE END DATE: 02/28/2025

Group Awards By:

View Award Description

Impact of gender affirming hormone therapy on immune modulation and HIV infection in transgender young adults - Project Summary Transgender people have a higher risk of HIV acquisition than cisgender people. Transgender youth are more likely than heterosexual youth to report early onset of sexual activity, have more lifetime sexual partners, and are less likely to use a condom with last intercourse placing them at an increased risk of acquiring HIV. Although behavioral and psychosocial factors lead to a higher HIV risk in transgender people, gender-affirming hormone (GAH) treatment (i.e., testosterone for transgender individuals assigned female at birth (AFAB) or estrogen/antiandrogen for transgender individuals assigned male at birth (AMAB)) may alter biological factors, resulting in increased transmission of HIV. Our goal is to determine immune attributes associated with increased HIV risk in transgender people, with the long-term goal of HIV prevention. Sex hormones are known to modulate the immune response, resulting in changes in host susceptibility to pathogens, vaccine efficacy and drug metabolism. A key gap in knowledge is that the immunological consequences of GAH therapy in transgender populations remains unknown. We have shown that hormonal contraceptive administration alters immune markers for HIV preference and increases susceptibility of CD4+ T cells to HIV in women. Sex hormones also alter the mucosal immune milieu, vaginal microbiome, ex vivo HIV infectivity, and in vitro HIV infection of primary cells. We recently discovered that young adults (aged 18-25) had higher HIV risk immune and ex vivo HIV infection profiles than adult subjects (aged 27-41). Thus, transgender youth may be at particular risk due to age- and GAH (estrogen/antiandrogen or testosterone)-mediated immune attributes that favor HIV infection. Our objective here is to determine the effect of GAH therapy on immune regulation and to identify immune attributes associated with increased HIV susceptibility in young transgender individuals. We hypothesize that GAH therapy alters immune functions that impact HIV infection in the transgender youth. We will conduct a longitudinal study to determine peripheral and mucosal immune responses and ex vivo HIV infection in AFAB and AMAB individuals at baseline and after 1, 3, and 6 months of GAH treatment with low to high concentrations of hormones. In light of recent findings that anti-retroviral therapies are less effective in transgender women, our results will inform both development of better treatments for individuals undergoing hormone therapy and the design of more effective HIV prevention strategies.


Issue Date FY	Funding FY	Legal Entity Name	Legal Entity Address	Legal Entity City	Legal Entity State	Legal Entity Zip Code	Legal Entity COUNTY	Legal Entity COUNTRY	Assistance Listing	Award Code	Budget Year	Action Date	Action Type	Action Amount

Issue Date FY: 2025 ( Subtotal = $0 )
2025	2022	RUTGERS, THE STATE UNIVERSITY	185 S ORANGE AVE	NEWARK	NJ	07103	ESSEX	USA	Allergy and Infectious Diseases Research	000	2	7/14/2025	NON-COMPETING CONTINUATION	$0
														Subtotal = $0

Issue Date FY: 2024 ( Subtotal = $0 )
2024	2022	RUTGERS THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY	185 S ORANGE AVE	NEWARK	NJ	07103	ESSEX	USA	Allergy and Infectious Diseases Research	000	2	4/8/2024	NON-COMPETING CONTINUATION	$0
														Subtotal = $0

Issue Date FY: 2022 ( Subtotal = $235,500 )
2022	2022	RUTGERS, THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY	185 S ORANGE AVE	NEWARK	NJ	07103	ESSEX	USA	Allergy and Infectious Diseases Research	000	2	2/22/2022	NON-COMPETING CONTINUATION	$235,500
														Subtotal = $235,500

Issue Date FY: 2021 ( Subtotal = $195,834 )
2021	2021	RUTGERS, THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF NEW JERSEY	185 S ORANGE AVE	NEWARK	NJ	07103	ESSEX	USA	Allergy and Infectious Diseases Research	000	1	3/4/2021	NEW	$195,834
														Subtotal = $195,834

Grand Total All Awards = $431,334

Top

All Categories

About

Search

Reports

Data Submission

Award Information

Impact of gender affirming hormone therapy on immune modulation and HIV infection in transgender young adults

Award Number: R21AI155422

ORGANIZATION: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES

OPDIV: NIH

AWARD CLASS: DISCRETIONARY

AWARD ACTIVITY TYPE: SCIENTIFIC/HEALTH RESEARCH (INCLUDES SURVEYS)

PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE START DATE: 03/04/2021

PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE END DATE: 02/28/2025

Federal Websites

Department of Health & Human Services

HHS Operating Divisions

HHS Staff Divisions

Download A Document Viewer