Project Summary/Abstract
One in eleven people has diabetes mellitus worldwide. Despite the development of novel therapeutics in the
last decade, type 2 diabetes is progressive in most patients, showing that more effective therapies are needed.
Our long-term objective is to identify genes that are important for beta cell function because these may reveal
causes and therapeutic targets for diabetes. We identified a chloride channel as a potential regulator of
glucose homeostasis. This channel is known to play a role in maintaining normal levels endoplasmic reticulum
(ER) stress, a key process for pancreatic beta cell function and survival. A single amino acid substitution in this
channel has been associated with early blindness in humans. The central focus of this grant is to model this
mutation in mice and in human pluripotent stem cells to understand if and how this mutation leads to diabetes.
Our central hypotheses are that this channel is required for maintenance of pancreatic beta cell ER stress and
that the point mutation will result in pancreatic beta cell death from ER stress and diabetes in both mice and
humans. Aim 1: Model this chloride channel mutation in mice. Mice homozygous for the mutation will be tested
for diabetes. Isolated beta cells will be tested for the levels of ER chloride and the expression of markers of the
unfolded protein response (UPR). We hypothesize that homozygous mice will develop diabetes, their beta cells
will have lower levels of ER chloride, and markers of UPR will be upregulated. Aim 2: Create a human beta cell
model of the mutation. As useful as mouse models of human disease can be, human beta cells are not exactly
the same as mouse beta cells. Therefore, in this aim, we will introduce the homozygous mutation into human
pluripotent stem cells and assess the ability of these cells to differentiate into enriched beta cell clusters (eBCs)
in vitro. We will then assess ER stress and insulin secretion from these cells. We hypothesize that the mutation
will cause decreased ER chloride, ER stress, and impaired insulin secretion. This grant will elucidate a novel
role for a chloride channel in beta cell function. These studies will be significant because they may identify a
novel monogenic cause of human diabetes and elucidate a novel requirement of ER chloride transport in the
maintenance of ER stress.