PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease that leads to death in 3 years if untreated. PAH
is characterized by remodeling and eventually occlusion of the pulmonary arteries, followed by high PA pressure
and right heart failure. Heterozygous mutations in the bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 gene (BMPR2)
are the leading genetic cause of PAH. In patients with BMPR2 mutations, PAH develops years earlier, and in a
more severe form, than in patients with normal BMPR2. Notwithstanding the recent progress in identifying the
molecular and cellular consequences of BMPR2 mutations, no targeted therapy for BMPR2 carriers exist, nor
the dire need for novel therapies has been met.
A well-supported model of BMP signaling starts with a ligand binding to a group of transmembrane
serine/threonine receptor kinases comprised of two type 1 receptor (BMRPI) and two type 2 receptors (BMPR2).
The heterotetrameric active BMP receptor complex phosphorylates Smad proteins that carry the signal
downstream to the nucleus. Gaps in this model include lack of understanding why the receptors need to be
organized in a heterotetramer configuration to be active, and how the receptor kinases are activated.
Consequently, our understanding of prevalent PAH mutations that localize to the BMPR2 intracellular regions
remains unsatisfactory and prohibitive from advancing PAH-targeted therapies. Our recent studies have led to a
discovery that kinase domain of BMPR2 forms a heterodimer with a type 1 BMP receptor kinase. Formation of
the heterodimer is not sufficient to activate the type 1 kinase but is essential for ligand-induced receptor signaling,
suggesting its essential role in assembly of the active receptor tetramer. Importantly, several BMPR2 mutants
linked to PAH map to the heterodimer interface and inhibit ligand-induced downstream Smad signaling,
supporting the physiological significance of the heterodimer interface. The goal of this application is to elucidate
the molecular underpinnings of BMP receptor kinase activation and elucidate how poorly understood BMPR2
mutations trigger PAH by: (i) dissecting the role of the type 1/type 1 kinase oligomerization in the catalytic
activation of the BMP receptor complex, downstream signaling, and vascular homeostasis, and (ii) gaining the
structural understanding of the active type 1/type 2 kinase domain complexes alone and in the context of full-
length BMP receptor tetramers. Upon completion, this study will define the significance of the non-catalytic
interfaces present on BMP receptor kinases and provide insights into how BMPR2 mutations perturb the type
1/type 2 kinase interactions resulting in PAH. This knowledge will provide platform for the development of
innovative novel PAH therapies.