Project Summary/Abstract
The health challenges arising from extreme weather events (EWEs), such as droughts, floods, and major
storms (e.g., hurricanes, typhoons) are increasingly common and severe, threatening to undermine public
health progress made over the past century. There is limited evidence on how EWEs affect care outcomes
among the 37 million people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH), particularly in geographic regions most vulnerable
to EWEs. Cross-sectional studies have shown both drought and excess rainfall to be associated with higher
HIV prevalence. However, very little is known about how EWEs impact short- and long-term HIV care
outcomes. Our preliminary analysis of data from 11 sub-Saharan African countries found that extreme rainfall
may delay the timely initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and increase loss to follow-up among those newly
enrolling in HIV care. Our preliminary qualitative work in Kenya suggests that exposure to drought and flooding
adversely affects HIV outcomes through decreased food availability and ART adherence and increased
infectious disease incidence. The absence of rigorous longitudinal assessments of the relationships and causal
pathways between EWE exposures and HIV care outcomes remains a crucial gap in knowledge and obstacle
to intervention development. The global IeDEA cohort collaboration, with >2 million PLWH enrolled in HIV care
in 44 countries over a long time horizon (2004-present) provides an unparalleled opportunity to characterize
the influence of EWEs on HIV care outcomes across several geographic contexts and sub-populations of
PLWH (e.g., those with advanced disease, adolescents, those who are pregnant, etc).
The proposed 5-year, mixed methods study will combine high resolution daily data on temperature and
rainfall from five publicly available climate datasets with the global IeDEA cohort data from 2004-present to
longitudinally assess the impacts of EWEs on HIV care outcomes (timely ART initiation HIV viral load
monitoring, and HIV viral suppression) (Aim 1). In Aim 2, we will use a mixed methods approach to explore
subgroups of vulnerability and resilience to EWEs among PLWH, mechanisms of impact, and adaptation and
mitigation strategies employed in specific communities to inform interventions. In Aim 3, we will create and
disseminate a country-level public use climate dataset with geocoded temperature and rainfall data going back
to 1984 for ready use by other investigators, program implementers, and policymakers. We expect this novel
study to inform climate mitigation and adaptation strategies, and lay the groundwork for the development of
other targeted (population and region-specific) interventions to address deleterious health effects of EWEs.
Moreover, we expect our study to have significant implications for global health programs, policies,
mathematical modelers and funders, creating new health-related applications for climate datasets.
