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Investigating the Longitudinal Relationships Between Children's Code-Switching Exposure, Language Abilities, and Executive Functioning

Award Number: K99HD119306
ORGANIZATION: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
OPDIV: NIH
AWARD CLASS: DISCRETIONARY
AWARD ACTIVITY TYPE: TRAINING/TRAINEESHIP
PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE START DATE: 07/01/2026
PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE END DATE: 06/30/2028

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Investigating the Longitudinal Relationships Between Children's Code-Switching Exposure, Language Abilities, and Executive Functioning - PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT A large portion of US children entering school as Spanish-English dual language learners (DLLs) often underperform academically compared to their monolingual English-speaking peers. Variation in children’s academic success is associated with underlying language and executive functioning (EF) skills. Therefore, it is critical to identify culturally sensitive ways to support the academic achievement of Spanish-English DLLs. Code-switching (CS) occurs when an individual mixes two languages within a speech event. This proposal will test an innovative theoretical model to explore how exposure to code-switching bolsters language and EF skills across the preschool years. Two longitudinal studies will evaluate evidence for this hypothesis, while also providing the candidate with crucial training to promote transition to research independence. Study 1 (K99 phase) will conduct novel analyses on data from 50 socioeconomically diverse Latinx, Spanish-English bilingual families. Aim 1 will investigate how CS exposure relates to children’s language and EF skills in early preschool (ages 3-4 years). Aim 2 will explore whether DLLs’ early language and EF skills moderate the effect of CS exposure on later language and EF skills (ages 4-5 years), such that some DLLs benefit from CS exposure more than others. Study 2 (R00 phase) will deepen the investigation of the role of CS on children’s language and EF skills through a novel multi-cohort accelerated longitudinal study of children at ages 3 and 4 years (n = 100 per cohort), followed again one year later. Aim 3 will specifically examine how consistency in children’s CS exposure over time supports the development of EF and language abilities across the preschool years. This research has direct translational implications for generating culturally responsive interventions that will support the school readiness skills of Latinx, Spanish-English DLLs and provide optimal developmental outcomes for these children. This award will provide the candidate, who has a strong background in language development, with critical training in the development of executive functioning, code-switching experiences, and longitudinal statistical analysis, supporting a successful transition to an independent research career.


Issue Date FY	Funding FY	Legal Entity Name	Legal Entity Address	Legal Entity City	Legal Entity State	Legal Entity Zip Code	Legal Entity COUNTY	Legal Entity COUNTRY	Assistance Listing	Award Code	Budget Year	Action Date	Action Type	Action Amount

Issue Date FY: 2026 ( Subtotal = $123,256 )
2026	2026	UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND, COLLEGE PARK	3112 LEE BUILDING	COLLEGE PARK	MD	20742	PRINCE GEORGES	USA	Child Health and Human Development Extramural Research	000	1	6/22/2026	NEW	$123,256
														Subtotal = $123,256

Grand Total All Awards = $123,256

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Investigating the Longitudinal Relationships Between Children's Code-Switching Exposure, Language Abilities, and Executive Functioning

Award Number: K99HD119306

ORGANIZATION: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH AND HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

OPDIV: NIH

AWARD CLASS: DISCRETIONARY

AWARD ACTIVITY TYPE: TRAINING/TRAINEESHIP

PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE START DATE: 07/01/2026

PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE END DATE: 06/30/2028

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