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HLA risk alleles cause Type 1 Diabetes by modifying the selection of T cell receptors that recognize pancreatic beta cell antigens

Award Number: F30AI176724
ORGANIZATION: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES
OPDIV: NIH
AWARD CLASS: DISCRETIONARY
AWARD ACTIVITY TYPE: FELLOWSHIP/SCHOLARSHIP/STUDENT LOANS
PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE START DATE: 01/01/2024
PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE END DATE: 12/31/2026

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HLA risk alleles cause Type 1 Diabetes by modifying the selection of T cell receptors that recognize pancreatic beta cell antigens - Project Summary Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a debilitating, lifelong disease which currently affects 20 million people worldwide. Multiple lines of evidence have shown that T cells target and destroy pancreatic β-cells in individuals with T1D. Though several key autoantigens have been identified, T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) that recognize these antigens circulate in most individuals, including those who never get T1D. Genetic studies have shown that T1D is highly heritable, with HLA genes accounting for more risk than any other locus. We and others have shown that HLA variation influences which TCR sequences survive thymic selection. TCR sequence has a documented effect on T cell state: select V and J genes give rise to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and hydrophobic CDR3β residues promote regulatory T cell (Treg) fate (Lagattuta et al., Nat. Immunol., 2022). Because each T cell’s TCR sequence is randomly acquired through V(D)J recombination prior to T cell differentiation, these relationships are likely causal. We propose that any given TCR has a functional potential: a distinct likelihood of differentiation over all T cell states. The proposed research will test the hypothesis that HLA risk alleles cause T1D by selecting β-cell- specific TCRs with inflammatory functional potential. Such TCRs would promote the differentiation of β- cell-specific T cells toward pathogenic, effector memory cell states, analogous to the way mucosal-associated invariant T cell (MAIT) TCRs drive acquisition of the MAIT transcriptional phenotype. Through rigorous statistical modeling, I will trace the impact of T1D HLA risk on β-cell-specific T cells: from HLA selection of TCR patterns to the influence of TCR patterns on T cell state. Specifically, the study aims to (1) define which TCR sequence features influence T cell state, and (2) assess the impact of HLA risk alleles on the pancreatic β-cell specific TCR repertoire. The translational impact of robustly identifying β-cell-specific TCRs is clear: this could help therapeutically target autoreactive T cells, could inform engineering of β-cell-specific Tregs, and would enable clinical monitoring of the β-cell-specific immune response longitudinally. More broadly, this work will provide a much-needed bioinformatic tool to cluster TCRs by antigen specificity, and will produce novel insights into how TCR sequence features instruct T cell fate. The proposed training plan will enable me to: (A) develop skills in computational methods development, (B) cultivate statistical expertise for functional genomics and human genetics, (C) gain familiarity with the generation of high-throughput genomic data, (D) learn the immunological foundations and clinical manifestations of autoimmune disease, and (E) sharpen professional scientific skills such as oral presentation and manuscript writing. A resource-rich training environment with close mentorship from experts in bioinformatic methods development, HLA genetics, TCR sequences, and T cell states in the context of autoimmunity will prepare me to become a successful physician-scientist leader in computational immunology.


Issue Date FY	Funding FY	Legal Entity Name	Legal Entity Address	Legal Entity City	Legal Entity State	Legal Entity Zip Code	Legal Entity COUNTY	Legal Entity COUNTRY	Assistance Listing	Award Code	Budget Year	Action Date	Action Type	Action Amount

Issue Date FY: 2026 ( Subtotal = $55,114 )
2026	2026	PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE	25 SHATTUCK ST	BOSTON	MA	02115	SUFFOLK	USA	Allergy and Infectious Diseases Research	001	3	4/2/2026	NON-COMPETING CONTINUATION	$576
2026	2026	PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE	25 SHATTUCK ST	BOSTON	MA	02115	SUFFOLK	USA	Allergy and Infectious Diseases Research	000	3	12/24/2025	NON-COMPETING CONTINUATION	$54,538
														Subtotal = $55,114

Issue Date FY: 2025 ( Subtotal = $54,538 )
2025	2025	PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE	25 SHATTUCK ST	BOSTON	MA	02115	SUFFOLK	USA	Allergy and Infectious Diseases Research	000	2	12/19/2024	NON-COMPETING CONTINUATION	$53,974
2025	2025	PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE	25 SHATTUCK ST	BOSTON	MA	02115	SUFFOLK	USA	Allergy and Infectious Diseases Research	001	2	8/11/2025	NON-COMPETING CONTINUATION	$564
														Subtotal = $54,538

Issue Date FY: 2024 ( Subtotal = $41,571 )
2024	2024	PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE	25 SHATTUCK ST	BOSTON	MA	02115	SUFFOLK	USA	Allergy and Infectious Diseases Research	000	1	12/5/2023	NEW	$40,291
2024	2024	PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE	25 SHATTUCK ST	BOSTON	MA	02115	SUFFOLK	USA	Allergy and Infectious Diseases Research	001	1	12/5/2023	NEW	$0
2024	2024	PRESIDENT AND FELLOWS OF HARVARD COLLEGE	25 SHATTUCK ST	BOSTON	MA	02115	SUFFOLK	USA	Allergy and Infectious Diseases Research	002	1	5/15/2024	NEW	$1,280
														Subtotal = $41,571

Grand Total All Awards = $151,223

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HLA risk alleles cause Type 1 Diabetes by modifying the selection of T cell receptors that recognize pancreatic beta cell antigens

Award Number: F30AI176724

ORGANIZATION: NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY & INFECTIOUS DISEASES

OPDIV: NIH

AWARD CLASS: DISCRETIONARY

AWARD ACTIVITY TYPE: FELLOWSHIP/SCHOLARSHIP/STUDENT LOANS

PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE START DATE: 01/01/2024

PERIOD OF PERFORMANCE END DATE: 12/31/2026

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