Human Placental Morphology, Function, and Pathology: Relationship to Environmental Exposures and Newborn and Child Health - PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT
Metal exposures are common as are their pernicious effects on human health. Of greater concern are their
actions on the vulnerable developing fetus. However, even though the placenta is available from every
delivery, few are routinely evaluated. Therefore, we continue to lack sufficient information regarding the
mechanisms by which prenatal metals exposures harm the fetus, key steps along the path towards early
identification of the at-risk fetus, and intervention to optimize childhood and lifelong wellbeing. There is growing
evidence that the intrauterine environment impacts placental development and function to ultimately influence
the risk of obesity in offspring. Childhood overweight and obesity are common and important predictors of
morbidity and mortality across the life course. The goal is to determine, in a unique, established cohort in which
all-placentas were studied and have placental tissue archived, how placental health and function are affected
by metal exposures, and the pathways that lead from metals exposures and placental toxicity to altered infant
somatic growth and metabolism. Finally, the clinical results will be validated with in vitro explant studies of
human placentas, in which metals exposures can be tested for induction of placental cell specific responses.
Starting with cutting edge methods that identify, quantitate and localize to specific cell types metals that
accumulate in the placenta across gestation, we will use archived placental tissues further to identify placental
pathology (including cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation and endothelial or macrophage activation) by
traditional histologic and immunohistochemical methods, pairing slide digitization and automated custom
software algorithms that register serial digitized placental tissue slides to match placental lesions to the
presence, quantity and type of metals. Together with maternal, gestational and neonatal data extracted from
the electronic medical record, we will move to analyses of newborn dried blood spots collected and archived as
part of the Newborn Screening Program of New York State to test for serum markers of inflammation that may
result from metals exposures and placental toxicity, and a metabolic profile that we will correlate with placental
size, newborn size, and serial child weight for length centiles and growth trajectory to 12 months of age. Lastly
our large sample size of 2000 mother-child-placenta triads will allow us to explore sex-dependent effects of
metals toxicity in the placenta and in the child.
The methods in this proposal provide unprecedented interrogation of the placenta’s role in fetal
pathophysiology of metals toxicity, and the development of obesity at age 1 year, a strong predictor of other
health risks including obesity, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.
