Project Summary
Epigenetic clocks are highly accurate DNA methylation-based biomarkers of biological aging. DNA
methylation clocks predict chronological age and have recently emerged as the most accurate molecular
marker of biological age in comparison to telomere length, transcriptomic, and proteomic based estimators.
Differences between epigenetic age estimates and chronological age, called epigenetic age acceleration, are
biologically relevant and have been associated with all-cause mortality, morbidity and longevity. There are
several epigenetic clocks which use different sets of CpG sites known to differ by age in a specific tissue (most
often blood, but some apply to multiple tissue types) in combination with mathematical algorithms to compute
an aggregate measure of epigenetic or DNA methylation age. These findings suggest that epigenetic age is a
useful predictive marker of aging and age-associated conditions like cancer and obesity.
Given that epigenetic clocks and their role in aging is a relatively young field of research, many data gaps
remain. Some studies suggest that environmental and social factors may affect epigenetic clock ticking rates,
potentially affecting aging and developmental processes yet data remain somewhat limited. Furthermore, few
studies have been conducted in children, and while there is suggestive evidence that maternal metabolic and
sociodemographic factors may influence DNA methylation age, findings have not been consistent between
studies. Also, newer epigenetic clocks incorporating additional clinical parameters and improving on sensitivity
and accuracy have recently been developed but not tested in children.
Previously, we assessed DNA methylation profiles in children followed by the Center for the Health
Assessment of Mothers and Children of Salinas (CHAMACOS) study, a longitudinal birth cohort of farmworker
families. We found significant associations of regional and site-specific DNA methylation in blood with sex, age
and environmental exposures. In this proposal, we will leverage our existing DNA methylation data to examine
associations of early life factors with epigenetic age acceleration in CHAMACOS children. We will calculate
four different epigenetic clock estimates in blood collected from CHAMACOS children at three stages of
childhood (birth, mid-childhood - 9y, and adolescence -14y). We will assess their correlation with chronological
age and determine rates of epigenetic age acceleration. We will examine associations of epigenetic age
acceleration with maternal factors during pregnancy like metabolic parameters, parity, age, and SES factors
and child birth outcomes (gestational age and birthweight) and sex to identify early life factors that influence
epigenetic age acceleration. Findings from this study will be used as the basis for an R01 proposal expanding
our research on molecular mechanisms of epigenetic aging in CHAMACOS children. Understanding factors
that might accelerate or slow ticking rates may strengthen our understanding of the molecular mechanisms
involved in age-related conditions and help to identify early targets for prevention.