Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is an atherosclerotic disease with narrowing blood vessel lumen, and is often
associated with diabetes due to elevated blood sugar level. If left untreated, PAD can lead to blockage of
vessels, resulting in tissue death and possible amputation of a limb. About 10 million Americans are affected
by lower extremity PAD. Among other risks, the risk of PAD is markedly increased among subjects with
diabetes, the 7th leading cause of death in the U.S. The rate of ischemic events is higher in diabetic individuals
with PAD than in comparable non-diabetic populations. Current tools for diagnosing and monitoring PAD in
diabetic patients rely on ankle-brachial index (ABI). However, ABI has a low sensitivity of detecting PAD and
may not reveal a large proportion of asymptomatic patients with hidden stenosis of PAD. Currently, CT
angiography (CTA) has gained wide acceptance that is preferred by vascular surgeons due to simple, fast,
diagnostic and reproducible image quality, and less invasive for detecting PAD. Nevertheless, repeated PAD
CTA examinations are not desired from the safety concerns like long ionizing radiation exposure and high dose
iodine contrast medium. A safe and robust imaging modality, which can accurately visualize the entire
peripheral vasculature, is critically in need. Non-contrast magnetic resonance angiography (NC-MRA), without
a Gadolinium contrast injection, non-invasiveness, and non-radiation would be an ideal diagnostic and follow-
up tool for diabetic patients with and without PAD. Current NC-MRA techniques permit depiction of entire
peripheral vascular imaging; however, there are following limitations in current NC-MRA as compared to CTA:
inferior spatial resolution, prolong examination time, non-reproducible diagnostic image quality, artifacts, and
limitation in follow-up of PAD patients with surgical devices such as stents and bypass grafts. The project aims
to develop an advanced fresh-blood imaging (FBI) for fast, safe, robust, diagnostic, reproducible NC-MRA and
an innovative, free-breathing, ungated, non-subtracted NC-MRA technique using 3D ultra-short TE (UTE) for
follow up on the patients with surgical devices. In addition, micro-vascularity of diabetic foot will be investigated
using a new non-contrast MR perfusion (NC-MRP) technique. This five-year project consists of an initial two-
year technical development and optimization, followed by a clinical assessment study that will validate both
advanced FBI, 3D UTE, and NC-MRP on diabetic patients with and without PAD regardless of the presence of
surgical devices. Our specific aims are as follows: Aim 1A: To develop an advanced FBI with centric ky-kz
trajectory with a new exponential refocusing flip angle; Aim 1B: To develop the free-breathing, ungated, non-
subtraction 3D UTE NC-MRA technique; Aim 2: To develop the NC-MRP technique to measure micro-
vascularity of the foot; and Aim 3: To compare the diagnostic accuracy of advanced FBI and 3D UTE
developed in Aims 1 and evaluate micro-vascularity by NC-MRP in Aim 2 on diabetes with or without PAD with
CTA/DSA. We will also correlate micro-vascularity measures with various diabetic levels of HbA1c and ABI.