Project Summary
Despite fairly clear understanding on the molecular basis of various anesthetic agents, the systems-level
neural mechanism by which anesthetics induce unconsciousness remains elusive. Substantial evidence
suggests that anesthetic-induced unconsciousness (AIU) is a brain network phenomenon. Anesthetics appear
to suppress consciousness by disrupting information exchange across large-scale brain networks. Therefore, to
understand the systems-level mechanism underlying AIU, a critical step is to comprehensively characterize
how whole-brain networks dynamically reorganize to support different patterns of information exchange
during AIU. This issue can be studied using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI), as
it measures between-region functional connectivity (FC) with a whole-brain field of view. In particular,
applying rsfMRI to animal models offers several advantages for studying AIU: 1) Intracranial electrophysiology
can be concurrently measured with rsfMRI in animals to reveal characteristic neural activity/connectivity
patterns and the corresponding global brain network dynamics during AIU; 2) distinct anesthetic agents can be
applied to the same group of animals so that common brain network changes during AIU shared by different
anesthetics, if any, can be identified; and 3) anesthetic depths can be easily manipulated. However, a major
obstacle to fully realize these potentials is that animal fMRI experiments typically use anesthesia to
immobilize animals first. Consequently, it is very difficult to reveal how brain networks change from the awake
state into an unconscious state. To bridge this gap, our group has established the approach of conducting
rsfMRI experiments in fully awake animals. In addition, we have integrated our awake rat rsfMRI approach
with multi-laminar electrophysiology recording and animal behavior, which allows us to directly link brain
network reorganization to concurrent neural activity patterns and animal’s consciousness states. By using
rsfMRI, electrophysiology and behavioral tests, the primary objective of this grant is to comprehensively
elucidate the dynamic reorganization of the whole-brain functional network to support different patterns of
information exchange from the awake state into an unconscious state. Four anesthetics, including isoflurane,
propofol, ketamine and dexmedetomidine will be tested. In Aim 1, we will identify characteristic neural
activity and brain connectivity patterns at different steady consciousness levels. In Aim 2, we will
systematically characterize topological changes of brain networks during AIU. In Aim 3, we will elucidate
layer-specific cortical activity and connectivity patterns, as well as brain network dynamics during the loss and
recovery of consciousness. Successful completion of the proposed research will provide a comprehensive
framework of how whole-brain networks dynamically reconfigure during AIU. Given the tight link between FC
and conscious states, it will broadly shed light onto the neural basis of consciousness, and help reveal
biomarkers to indicate levels of consciousness.
