ABSTRACT:
Adult skeletal muscle has the ability to repair and regenerate following exercise, trauma or disease-induced
damage despite being comprised of multinucleated muscle fibers whose nuclei cannot divide. This property is
primarily attributable to adult myogenic precursor cells (satellite cells). When activated in response to local
muscle damage, satellite cells proliferate extensively, either self-renew to reconstitute the reserve muscle
progenitor pool or differentiate into new skeletal muscle fibers by fusing with each other or into the existing
muscle fiber. Because satellite cells display lineage-specific differentiation (muscle cell) and self-renewal, two
characteristics of stem cells, they are considered the primary resident adult stem cells of skeletal muscle. While
intensive research efforts have advanced our understanding of satellite cell biology since their discovery in 1961,
the regulatory mechanism(s) controlling satellite cell number remain unknown. Here we provide evidence
implicating FGF6 signaling, which can be modulated by the Hippo pathway mediator TEAD1 in skeletal muscle
fibers, in the regulation of adult mouse satellite cell number. We previously investigated a mouse model with
transgenic TEAD1 overexpression in the muscle fiber and discovered a remarkable up to 6-fold increase in the
number of satellite cells without any changes in overall muscle size. We further determined that paracrine
signal(s) from the TEAD1-expressing myofiber signal for the satellite cell pool expansion in this mouse model.
Applying transcriptomics to this mouse model, we have identified FGF signaling, i.e. FGF2 and FGF6, as a
physiologically relevant pathway regulating satellite cell pool size. Indeed, our preliminary analysis of skeletal
muscle from Fgf6 mutant mice reveals a significant reduction in the number of satellite cells. This reduction is
further exacerbated in mice, in which the two FGF receptors predominantly expressed by satellite cells are
inactivated specifically in the myogenic lineage. Our goal is to determine the role of FGF signaling from the
myofiber to the satellite cell in achieving a particular pool size of adult muscle progenitor cells for effective repair
of muscle tissue throughout life, and how myofiber-specific TEAD1 is regulating paracrine signaling from the
myofiber to contribute to regulate this process. Specific Aims: 1) Determine the role of FGF6 and FGF2 in
perinatal SC scaling and adult muscle regeneration, 2) Determine the role of Fgfr1 and Fgfr4 in the SC perinatally
and in adulthood, 3) Determine how TEAD-mediated transcriptional regulation within the myofiber governs SC
pool scaling. We expect new fundamental findings into how the size of the satellite cell population in muscle is
specified during development and adaptively maintained during adult life. Insight into how the number of
regenerative cells (stem cells) in muscle is controlled provides an entry into the development of new cell-based
therapies against muscle wasting diseases, sport/combat injury, and age-related sarcopenia.